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Withania
somnifera (L.) Dunal
Nomenclature:
Botanical name: Withania somnifera
(L.) Dunal
Common Name: Ashwagandha
 Vernacular
names:
Sanskrit: Ashwagandha;
Hindi: Asgandha;
English :Winter cherry;
Arabian : Bahman;
Bengali:Ashwagandha;
Japanese : Ashwangandha;
Nepalese: Aasoganda;
Pusta: Kutilad;
Tamil: Amurkkuralekizhangu.
Tibetan: Ba-dzi-gandha;
Unani: Asgandh volaite;
Family
: Solanaceae
Habitat
Distributed throughout the drier region of India, especially
in wasteland ascending to an altitude of 2000 m in the Himalaya.
It is also cultivated.
Morphology
 A
small or middle-sized under shrub, erect, greyish or hoary,
branching, perennial about 30 cm to 1.5 m in height. Stem and
branches covered with minute star-shaped hairs. One or more
fairly long tuberous roots and short stem. Flowering nearly
throughout the year. Leaves simple, up to 10 cm long, ovate,
petiolate, and alternate. Bears small, about 1 cm long, greenish
or yellow flowers; borne together in short axillary clusters.
Fruit 6 mm diameter, globose, smooth, red enclosed in an inflated
and membranous calyx.
Part used as crude drug
Roots (Dried)
Morphological
characteristic of drug
Roots are 20-30 cms long and
6-12mm in diameter, with few (2-3) lateral roots of slightly
smaller size, straight, unbranched. Outer surface is buff to
Greyish-yellow with longitudinal wrinkles and in the centre
soft, solid mass with scattered pores. Odour characteristics,
taste bitter and acrid.
Cultivars (including improved Varieties)
 A
lot of intra-specific variability is reported in Withania
somnifera growing in different parts of India. The characteristic
genetic divergence is very much predominant within the distribution
patterns of the genotypic and phenotypic variability. Five morphologically
distinct ecotypes are reported. An improved strain WSR is developed
and released for commercial cultivation by RRL, Jammu.
Cultivation
(a) Land preparation
Land is ploughed 3-4 times and planked
twice to make the tilth fine and weed free. After leveling it
is divided into beds of suitable size preferably 6 m x 4 m.
having proper irrigation channels.
(b)
Seed sowing
Under
the climatic conditions of north-Indian plains, the seed is
sown from August to September after the heavy rains are over.
Sowing is done by broadcast or line sowing method, in the field
having sufficient moisture. Germination of seeds varies form
60-65%. Seed takes 10-12 days to germinate and germination is
complete within a month. 2-kg seed is enough to cover one-hectare
area. When the seedlings are at 2-4-leaf stage, they should
be thinned, maintaining a distance of 10 x 10 cm in the field.
(c)
Irrigation
Ashwagandha is a rainfed crop
and requires little irrigation after the crop get established.
However, additional irrigation helps in better root growth.
(d) Fertiliser schedule
For this crop, application
of chemical fertilizers is not recommended as its use invariably
leads to a much branched and fibrous roots which are not good
for commercial point of view.
(e)
Pests and Diseases
Damping off is a major disease in Withania somnifera
at seedling stage and results in heavy seedling mortality under
field condition. However, it can be controlled by application
of Dithane M-45 (0.3%) as foliar spray.
(f)
Weed management
In the early stages of crop establishment, regular
weeding is required, but once the crop picks up growth, the
weeds are suppressed & weeding is done as and when required.
(g)
Harvesting
The
crop is harvested for roots in March-April, after six months
of growth. The roots, after harvesting, are cleaned, cut into
small pieces and graded according to diameter of the root. 1-2
cm diameter roots are the best category in the grading. 8-10
qtls of dry root/ha are obtained in case of WSR strain evolved
by Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu.
Collection
Roots are collected 6 months after the sowing of crop.
Traditional
Knowledge (Ethnobotanical / Folk-lores / House hold remedies
/ Self help mode)
Internally,
it is used to tone the uterus after miscarriage and treatment
of post-partum difficulties. Externally, it is applied as a
poultice to boils, swellings and other painful body parts.
Chemistry
Withanolides
are the most important bioactive constituents of roots of Ashwagandha.
Roots and leaves of type WSR evolved by Regional Research Laboratory,
Jammu contains Withanolide-A as the major constituent with appreciable
quantity of Withanone and traces of Withaferin-A. The root is
also rich in total alkaloid (0.20 to 0.36%).
Chemical
Markers
Majority
of the constituents are withanolides (Steroidal lactones with
ergostane skeleton) and alkaloids. These include Withanon, Withaferin
A, Withanolide I, II, III, A, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M,
WS-I, P and S, withasomidienone, withanolide C , and alkaloid
viz., cuscohygrine, anahygrine, tropine, pseudotropine, anaferine,
isopellaterine, 3-trophyltigloate.
 |
| Withaferin
A |
Withanolide G |
 |
| Withaferin |
 |
 |
Compound
WS-VI(27-Desoxy-14-hydroxywithaferin A)
|
4ßHydroxy-1-oxoß-5ßepoxywitha-
2, 24-dienolide
|
 |
 |
4ß-20a(R)-Dihydroxy-1-oxoß-5-6ß-epoxy-witha-2-enolide
|
4ßHydroxy-1-oxoß-5ß
epoxywitha-2-enolide
|
 |
14-ßHydroxywithanone:
5a,14ß,17a-Trihydroxya-67a-epoxy-1-oxo-22R-witha-2,24-dienolide |
Molecular
Markers (Protein, DNA)
Chloroplast gene of Withania somnifera has been sequenced.
 |
|
Fig.1.
Optimisation of RAPD profile in Withania somnifera
chemotype WSR using primer OP AN-02
and different template concentrations
|
|
Lane
1 1 kb DNA ladder
Lane 2 Empty
Lane 3 22.0 ng DNA
Lane 4 22.5 ng DNA
Lane 5 25.0 ng DNA
Lane 6 27.5 ng DNA
Lane 7 30 .0ng DNA
Lane 8 32.5 ng DNA
|
 |
|
Fig.
2 RAPD profile of Withania somnifera chemotypes WSR &
024 using primer OPA-08
|
|
Lane
6 W. somnifera WSR
Lane 7 1kb DNA ladder
Lane8 W. somnifera 024 |
Isozymes
Under construction
Pharmacology
Bioactivity
Roots
of the plants show antitumour and radiosensitizing effects in
animal models. Total alkaloid fraction of the root extract exhibits
hypotensive, bradicardiac and respiratory stimulant activities
in dogs. It shows relaxant and antispasmodic effects against
several plasmogens on intestinal, uterine, bronchial, treacheal
and blood vascular muscles. Withanolides possess remarkable
antibacterial, antitumour, antiarthritic and immunosuppressive
properties and protective effect against carbon tetrachloride
induced toxicity.
Toxicity
Under construction
Formulation
Ethanolic or aqueous extract of the root
alone or in combination with other herbal materials is used
in many commercial herbal formulations under various trade names
such as Mentat, Geriforte, Pepcaps, 30 plus, Stresscom, Ashwagandharisht,
Ashwagandhadi-churan, Ashwagandha-rasayanrist, and Ashwagandha-ghrit
etc.
General
usage
The roots are the source of drug and have
got a vast range of application in the treatment of different
physiological disorders. The drug also holds a great promise
as an adjuvant in radiation therapy treatment of cancer. The
drug is classified under the group Rasayana' in Ayurveda which
besides other properties, also checks aging.
Dose
Root powder 3-6 grams
Commercial aspects
(a) Production
The
cultivation is confined to a limited area of Mandsore district
of Madhya Pradesh. Annual production of drug is 10,000 tons
both from wild as well as cultivated sources.
(b) Demand
The annual requirement of the drug in Indian market is about
2500 tons.
(c) Market Trends (Price)
Ashwagandha root has great
demand in crude drug market. Present market rate of dried root
varies from Rs 70-80 per kg. The wholesale rate is between Rs
4000-5000 per quintal.
(d) Trade Resource
The most important trade center
of the country for availability of Ashwagandha is Nimach Mandi
in Madhya Pradesh and other trade centers are Bombay, Calcutta,
Delhi and Amritsar.
Major users
Herbal Drug Industry
Patents
1.
Bhutani,K.K., Gupta,D.K., Kapil, R.S.,Jaggi, B.S.,Anand, K.K.,
and Kapil A. 1998. A process for the isolation of a fraction
having adaptogenic activity from the plant Withania somnifera
Indian Patent No. 180518.
2.
Bhutani,K.K., Gupta,D.K., Kapil, A.,1999. A process for the
isolation of a fraction having immunomodulatory activity from
the plant Withania somnifera. Indian Patent No. 182519.
3.
Bhutani,K.K.,Gupta,D.K.,Kapil,R.S.,1994. A process for the isolation
of Bioactive peptide fraction from the plant W.somnifera.
Indian Patent No.1195/DEL/94 DT.23.9.94
4.
Weisman 1999. Bone or joint inflammation with composition of
cartilage, glucosamine, mucopolysaccharide, enzymes, Ashwagandha,
Boswellia, chondroitin, etc; US Patent 5,888,514
5.
Patwardhan 1996. Method of treating degenerative musculoskeletal
diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoaarthritis) and a novel
composition therefor-----treated with extracts of Ashwagandha,
Boswellia, Curcurma & Zingiber; US Patent 5,494,668
6.
A process for preparation of an antidiabetic herbal drug from
the plants Trichopus zeylanicus, Withania somnifera
and Piper longum 305/mas/99
7.
A process for preparation of 'jeevani' a novel immunoenhancing
antifatigue antistress and hepatoprotective herbal drug from
the plants Trichopus zeylanicus ssp travancoricus, Withania
somnifera, Piper longum and Evolvulus alsinoides.
2356/MAS/98
8.
A process for preparation of "jeevani" a novel immunoenhancing,
antifatigue, antistress and hepatorprotctive herbal drug from
the plants Trichopus zeylanicus ssp. Travancoricus, Withania
somnifera, Piper longum and Evolvulus alsinoides.
959/MAS/96
9.
Preparation of an antidiabetic herbal drug from the plants Trichopus
zeylanics, Withania somnifera and Piper longum.
957/MAS/96
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